implementations/README.umsg
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%unimsg 0 doc/implementations-readme/v0
-- The README for implementations/, as data.
--
-- Written this way because the facts in it — which implementations exist, what
-- each scores, what is archived and why — are the same facts recorded
-- elsewhere in this repository, and a second copy in Markdown would drift from
-- the first. README.md is generated from this file by tools/readme.
--
-- The pattern, and when it is worth applying, is described in
-- docs/17-spec-based-design.umsg.
implementations {
title "Independent implementations"
intro [
"Twelve implementations of `spec/unimsg-v0.umsg`, each written from the
specification alone by a different author with no sight of the others.
They are kept because their **independence** is the asset: when they
disagree, one of them has found something, and when they agree the
specification said what it meant.",
"They are not merged and should not be. Merging them would produce one
implementation with twelve authors, which tests nothing.",
"They were written in order, and the order shows. Go was first and had the
most found in it; .NET was last, written from
`docs/implementing-unimsg.umsg`, and arrived with guards none of the
earlier six had on the day they were written. That is the whole argument
for writing the findings down: a defect found once becomes a paragraph,
and a paragraph prevents it. Where there was no paragraph, the seventh
implementation made the same class of mistake as the first.",
"The eighth is the C one, for microcontrollers, and it is the first to be
measured somewhere other than a developer's machine: it has run on an
ESP32-H2, where it parses a document nested 400 deep on a 3 KB task stack
and moves the heap by zero bytes across fifty round trips. It is also the
first to arrive with the guide's guards already in place and to find two
things the guide had never said — that a headerless document may open with
a comment, and that the specification's errors table is a check rather
than an illustration. Both are now in the guide.",
"The ninth, in Swift, returned five findings and every one of them is a
place the guide was WRONG rather than silent — including a trap it
reported as closed that was still open, which the ninth then met exactly
where the guide promised it would not. It also brought a method: it found
a cubic formatter cost by plotting time against depth and reading the
slope, where every earlier formatter defect here was found by something
timing out. Applying that method the same afternoon found the same cost in
this repository's JavaScript.",
"The tenth, in Python, is the second attempt in that language and shares
no code with the first, which is archived and fails 18 of 20 documents.
It is dependency-free where the archived one needed `cbor2`, writing its
own CBOR codec. It returned SEVEN findings, and two of them CORRECT
advice the guide was giving rather than filling a silence: the remedy
for quoting keys refuses valid sigil payloads, and the curve recipe
reports a false failure against any correct formatter, because the
canonical text of a deep chain is quadratic by construction. It also
found that the concatenation defect the guide files under formatting is
reachable in an ENCODER, and contributed a fourth formatter structure
that removes the exponential rather than mitigating it. All seven are
now in the guide.",
"The eleventh, in C++, is the first whose LANGUAGE forced a question the
guide had never thought to answer. The eight before it all had Unicode
general categories in the standard library; C++ has `isalpha` and a
process locale, which would make the same document lex differently on two
machines, so the word-rune ranges had to be vendored. That is now in the
guide, together with the thing this implementation got wrong on the way:
it took the generated table from the C implementation rather than
regenerating it, and a generated table is still a source read.
It is also the first entry here whose most useful finding came out of the
REVIEW rather than out of the writing, and the finding is against the
guide's own advice. Told to memoise the formatter, it keyed the memo on
the address of the value node — correct for every node a document holds,
and wrong for the nodes a formatter INVENTS. The degrading `!cbor/tag`
spelling is built, emitted and dropped, so the next invented node lands on
the freed address and reads the previous tag's text: a map with two
distinct unknown tags formatted both as the first. Eleven bytes of input,
a formatter changing the value, and nothing in its suite could see it —
two hundred thousand fuzzed decodes and every single-byte mutation of a
valid message, none of which format, against a corpus in which no
document carries an unknown tag. A degrading spelling is by definition the
path the corpus does not exercise.",
"The twelfth, in Julia, was handed a brief that told it what to read and
deliberately did not tell it what to look for, and what it came back with
is a SECOND cubic in the formatter. `carry-the-indent-as-a-number` is
written as a rule about indentation and is not one: it is a rule about any
quantity of length O(depth) that a tree walk rebuilds at every node, and a
unimsg formatter has two of them. The other is the PATH — which exists
because the guide and the specification both say comments and authored
column order are kept beside the value, KEYED BY PATH, and a path written
as a string grows with the depth. Following every word of the guide still
produced a formatter that spent two seconds on a document it now renders in
twenty-six milliseconds.
It also brought the instrument. Every earlier measurement here was wall
time, which the tenth implementation showed needs a denominator and which
this one found still needs a variance rule — one reading per depth
reported a sixteen-fold spike on a formatter that was correct. BYTES
ALLOCATED per output character is deterministic, needs no repetition, and
stated the whole defect in one column: 277, 292, 380, 479, 580, 680,
straight in the depth. That is the cubic signature with none of the noise,
and it is the cheaper half of the recipe."
]
sections [
{
heading "Status"
body "Four measurements per implementation, and they are not the same
measurement. `tools/compare` encodes every document in `examples/`,
`corpus/` and `profiles/` and checks the bytes against the
reference in `syntax/`; it catches divergence in the large.
`tools/vectors` runs the conformance table carried by the
specification itself — the vectors it must encode and, since
2026-09-02, the rejects it must refuse — and catches divergence in
the small. `tools/order` formats one fixture and checks that the
order its blocks and its columns were written in survives.
`tools/fmtcompare` formats every document compare encodes and
checks the TEXT against the reference's, which is the check the
other three cannot be: the specification promises one canonical
rendering, and until this existed nothing read the rendering.
THE FORMAT COLUMN IS WHERE THE FLEET STANDS FURTHEST FROM THE
SPECIFICATION, and it was invisible for a month. Nine formatters
produced nine texts from one document — key columns padded or not,
a blank line after the header or not, comments carried or dropped
— and every check was green, because order compares order and
forgives exactly those things on purpose. Part of that is the
implementations and part of it is the specification, whose
formatting section does not say what the reference does about key
alignment. Both halves are owed before the freeze; see docs/50.
EVERY ROW BELOW SAYS WHEN AND WHERE IT WAS MEASURED, because the
rows are written by a run and not by a hand: `sh
implementations/check.sh -record` merges the run into
`results.umsg` and rewrites the table from it, and a row from a
shell that could not find a toolchain never overwrites a row from
one that could. That is how a Swift row measured under WSL sits
beside rows measured on Windows, each saying which. The stale `/20`
rows this table once held could not happen that way, because a
number typed here by hand fails `go test ./tools/checkreport`.
THE FIRST RUN IN WHICH THE MAINTAINED IMPLEMENTATIONS DID NOT ALL
AGREE was 2026-09-01: four accepted all 88 documents and five
refused one, `examples/entry-pluto.umsg`, which wrote a table whose
first data row began on the same line as its header with no
separator between them. The split was recorded here as an open
reading, with the five as the odd ones out. IT WAS THE OTHER WAY
ROUND. The specification had said since 2026-08-23 that
`x [ | a b | 1 2 ]` is malformed; the five were following it and
the reference, together with four others, was not. Nothing had
pinned the sentence, so nothing noticed. On 2026-09-02 the sentence
became a reject vector — the specification now carries a `rejects`
table beside its `vectors` — the reference and the four were
corrected, and the document was rewritten in block form. What a
disagreement between implementations means is that somebody has
found something, and this time the finding was that a rule the
reference did not follow is a rule nothing enforced.
THESE FIGURES WERE STALE FOR A FORTNIGHT and the way they went stale
is the argument for not writing them by hand. This paragraph said
36 documents and 28 vectors, measured 2026-08-15; the corpus had
since grown to 85 and the vector table to 32, and nothing failed
because nothing checks a paragraph. It was found when a number
copied out of here reached a public website. The three tools print
their own denominators on every run — see
`not-written-by-hand-for-long` below.
The third check was added on 2026-08-22, after four implementations
— the reference among them — were found to be scrambling the column
order of every document they formatted while passing both byte
checks perfectly. Neither byte check could see it: the authored
order deliberately never reaches the bytes, which is the whole
point of the rule and the reason it needed a check of its own.
Every maintained implementation that ran keeps 5/5 orderings. See
F25 in `docs/16-format-weaknesses.umsg`."
table [
| "Implementation" "Documents" "Vectors" "Format" "Measured" "Notes"
| "`go/`" "**104/104**" "53/53" "**104/104**" "2026-09-03, windows granada" ""
| "`js/`" "**104/104**" "53/53" "**104/104**" "2026-09-03, windows granada" ""
| "`esp32/`" "**104/104**" "53/53" "**104/104**" "2026-09-03, windows granada" "C99 for microcontrollers; no heap, no recursion; run on an ESP32-H2"
| "`cpp/`" "**104/104**" "53/53" "**104/104**" "2026-09-03, windows granada" "C++20, dependency-free; vendors its own Unicode category ranges because the standard library has none"
| "`rust/`" "**104/104**" "53/53" "**104/104**" "2026-09-03, windows granada" "strictest; caught a defect in 14 documents. The one error is the same-line table row — see the note below the table"
| "`dart/`" "**104/104**" "53/53" "**104/104**" "2026-09-03, windows granada" "also passes a `dart2js` runtime smoke test; same-line table row"
| "`kotlin/`" "**104/104**" "53/53" "**104/104**" "2026-09-03, windows granada" "reads the vector table out of the specification at run time; same-line table row"
| "`dotnet/`" "**104/104**" "53/53" "**104/104**" "2026-09-03, windows granada" "written from the implementer's guide; carries its own fuzzing; same-line table row"
| "`python/`" "**104/104**" "53/53" "**104/104**" "2026-09-03, windows granada" "dependency-free; found the sigil-payload predicate and the missing denominator in the curve recipe; same-line table row"
| "`swift/`" "**104/104**" "53/53" "**104/104**" "2026-09-03, windows granada" "iterative decoder and encoder; found the cubic formatter cost by measuring the curve. Its toolchain is under `swiftly`, so a non-login shell reports it missing, and this shell was one"
| "`julia/`" "**104/104**" "53/53" "**104/104**" "2026-09-03, windows granada" "dependency-free; iterative parser and decoder. The first to measure the formatter in BYTES ALLOCATED as well as time, which is what made a second cubic legible: the guide's `carry-the-indent-as-a-number` is a rule about indentation, and the PATH a comment or a column order is keyed by is the other O(depth) quantity a walk rebuilds per node. Depth 1000 fell from 1993 ms to 26 ms"
| "`archived/rust-second-attempt/`" "84/104" "43/53" "—" "2026-09-03, windows granada" "refuses trailing comments"
| "`archived/dart-before-web-fixes/`" "92/104" "40/53" "—" "2026-09-03, windows granada" "correct bytes; throws under `dart2js`"
| "`archived/python-first-attempt/`" "not run" "not run" "not run" "" "needs `cbor2`; superseded by `python/`, which shares no code with it and needs nothing"
]
}
{
heading "Not written by hand for long"
body "EVERY NUMBER IN THE TABLE ABOVE IS MEASURED, and none of it is
measured by this document. Re-measure before trusting it:
sh implementations/check.sh
It prints a row per implementation, and each of the three tools
prints its own denominator, so a corpus that has grown since the
last edit shows up as a larger number rather than as a silent
disagreement with the prose.
A MISSING TOOLCHAIN IS REPORTED AND NEVER SKIPPED, which is the
behaviour to keep — but read the report carefully, because `NOT RUN`
means only that the harness could not find the command in the shell
it was given. Swift is the standing example: a `swiftly`-managed
toolchain lives under `~/.local/share/swiftly/bin`, which is on PATH
for a login shell and not otherwise, so the same machine reports it
missing from one shell and passing from another.
THE FIGURES COME OUT OF A RUN. `check.sh -record` hands its own
transcript to `tools/checkreport`, which writes `results.umsg` —
one row per implementation, with the machine and the date — and
rewrites the Documents, Vectors and Measured cells of the table
above from it, leaving the Implementation and Notes cells as their
author wrote them. `go run ./tools/checkreport -check` fails when
the table disagrees with `results.umsg` or when `README.md` is
stale against this document, and `go test ./tools/checkreport`
runs that check. So the numbers cannot go stale silently any more.
The prose around them still can, and this paragraph is prose."
}
{
heading "Decoding is total, and only one of them was checked"
body "`errors.decoding-is-total-and-side-effect-free` is a conformance
requirement, and the recommended way to verify a decoder —
re-encode and compare — cannot see it. It verifies that what was
decoded round-trips, and says nothing about whether decoding
terminates. So an audit of the Kotlin implementation checked it
there, found and fixed six defects, and the other four were left
on the strength of a re-encode check that was never going to
report this.
They were then checked, against thirty adversarial inputs: declared
lengths near the top of the word, arrays and maps claiming two
billion items, nesting thousands deep, ill-formed UTF-8, duplicate
keys, indefinite lengths, non-minimal encodings and truncation. All
four failed, in four different ways, and the failures were not
near-misses: `9a7fffffff` is five bytes and asked Rust's allocator
for 137 GB, which it answered by killing the process. Go accepted
duplicate keys and ill-formed UTF-8 outright, both of which the
specification names.
All eight now refuse all thirty. The guards are the same three in
every language — a depth cap shared by the decoder, the text
parser, the encoder and the formatter, a declared count checked
against the bytes that remain before anything is allocated, and a
set rather than a scan for duplicate keys — because the defects were
the same three, found once each in a different implementation.
Worth stating plainly, since it is the second time this directory
has learned it: eight implementations agreeing proves nothing about
a property none of them was tested for."
}
{
heading "The one that was not an attack"
body "Every other entry in the table above is a malformed input. This one
is a document an author could write.
Format a value nested forty deep — `a [ [ [ ... ] ] ]`, or the same
with maps. It is well inside every implementation's depth cap, it is
valid, it round-trips, and three of them never finished
formatting it — Go, JavaScript and .NET. Measured at 1.9x per level:
depth 32 took 683 ms and depth 40 did not return.
Nested maps and nested sequences are separate paths and had to be
tested separately. Go and JavaScript were exponential in both; .NET
only in maps, its sequence path having got the structure right. Two
of the three were declared fixed on the strength of the sequence
test alone before the map test was written, which is the reason both
are named here.
The cause is the same in all three and follows from what canonical
formatting is. The formatter renders the inline form, measures it
against the line budget, and falls back to the block form when it
does not fit — which, written directly, renders every child twice at
every level, and two renders per level is 2^depth.
It survived every check this repository has. The vectors are single
values; the corpus is shallow; `36 agree` says nothing about a
document nobody wrote. Two of the four had already been through an
adversarial suite of thirty hostile inputs and passed all thirty,
because every one of those inputs is malformed and this one is not.
The fix differs by language — memoise the render keyed by node AND
indent, or decline the inline attempt when the value is provably too
deep to fit on one line — and both are written up in
`docs/implementing-unimsg.umsg`. One implementation's sequence path
had it right by structure, rendering once and reusing, and the map
path in the same file by the same author rendered twice and hung.
The lesson is narrower than `test more` and worth stating exactly: a
corpus tests the documents someone thought to write. Cost, unlike
correctness, is invisible to a comparison that only checks bytes.
There was a second cost underneath the first, and it took a ninth
implementation to see it. Removing the exponential from the
JavaScript formatter by memoising the rendered text left a CUBIC
cost in place and made it worse: every level prefixes its
indentation onto a child string that already carries its own, so
the characters created across a render grow with the cube of the
depth, and a cache turns that from transient garbage into retained
heap. Decoding a 1 021-byte document nested 1 020 deep asked for
3.8 GB and was killed.
Nothing failed while that was true. It agreed on all 36 documents
and passed all 28 vectors on the morning it was killing itself on a
kilobyte of input. The ninth implementation found the same class of
defect in its own formatter by timing depth 100, 200 and 400 and
reading the slope — 1 382 ms to 63 ms once fixed — and that method,
not another corpus document, is what was missing here."
}
{
heading "Why they are not allowed to read each other"
body "Each of these was written from `spec/unimsg-v0.umsg` and
`docs/implementing-unimsg.umsg` alone, with no sight of any other
implementation's source. That rule is load-bearing rather than
ceremonial, and the table above is the reason: `eight
implementations agree on 36 documents` is evidence only if the
eight are independent readings. Two of them once carried the same
half-precision mantissa mask in the same place with the same
constant, and that was a problem precisely because nobody knew they
were related.
The rule has not stopped earning. The two most recent entries in
the findings table below both come from the eighth implementation,
written this month — one refusing a document the other seven
accept, one answering a prescribed input with a message that named
no fix. What independence tests has changed: it used to find
defects in the format, and now it mostly finds defects in the
guide. That is still worth having while the guide is what onboards
the next one.
The cost is real too. Three implementations shipped an exponential
formatter that any of them would have avoided by reading a fourth,
and good structure — an iterative walker, a render-once formatter,
a conformance runner that finds the repository itself — has had to
be arrived at separately each time.
So the rule stays and the benefit is carried across a different
way. The implementations are reviewed periodically, and whatever
structure turned out to work is written into the guide's
`patterns-worth-copying` section in prose, with the defect it
prevents beside it. A pattern described is not a reading copied:
the next implementation gets ten authors' worth of structure and
still reads the specification with its own eyes. The eleventh is
the first case where that review earned its keep in the other
direction: the pattern it was handed was RIGHT and incomplete, and
following it produced a formatter that changed the value. Every
implementation owes that review one thing in return — a section in
its README saying what the guide did not prepare it for, which is
the only measure of whether the guide is working."
}
{
heading "Running them"
body "Toolchains needed: `cargo`, `go`, `dart`, `node`, `python3`, a C
compiler, a C++20 compiler, a .NET SDK, a Swift toolchain, and a JDK
with `kotlinc` for the Kotlin implementation, and `julia`. Kotlin
is a zip from JetBrains rather than a package, so `check.sh` reuses
an already built jar and reports `NOT RUN` when there is neither.
Julia needs one extra step and it is not a toolchain check: its CLI
is loaded as a package so that the compiled code is cached, and
`check.sh` precompiles it once before measuring rather than paying
three seconds in each of the 264 processes these three tools start. The C++ row
prefers `cmake`, which is how the implementation packages itself,
and falls back to compiling its six sources directly: requiring
cmake made a present compiler look like an absent implementation
once, which is the failure this whole section exists to prevent.
No machine here has had all eleven at once, and that is expected
rather than a problem: `check.sh` reports what it could not run and
the rows it did run are still measurements. Swift lives under WSL on
the development machine while the rest are on Windows, so a complete
picture is two runs, and the two runs disagree about which rows say
`NOT RUN` rather than about any implementation.
Being on `PATH` is never taken as evidence that a toolchain works,
because three separate incidents here began exactly that way. A kept
jar is checked against its sources: one older than the code it was
built from reports on code nobody is running, and it reports a pass,
so `check.sh` says `NOT RUN` and names the file that is newer. A
`dotnet` on `PATH` does not imply an SDK behind it, so `build.sh`
tests `dotnet --list-sdks` rather than the host. And a `dart` on
`PATH` does not imply a `dart` that runs — under WSL the Windows
Flutter is reachable through `/mnt/c` with CRLF launchers that
cannot execute — so the script asks it for `--version` first. Each
of those three, left unchecked, reported a correct implementation as
broken."
code {
language "bash"
text "./implementations/check.sh"
}
after [
"A missing toolchain, or a Dart package tree that will not resolve, is
reported as `NOT RUN` — never compared. An implementation that was not
run must not look like one that passed, and the first version of this
script broke that rule twice: it reported an unresolved Dart as `20 differ`,
because Dart prints its resolution failure to stdout and exits 0, so
the harness dutifully compared an error message against CBOR.",
"Some CLIs write raw CBOR and some write hex. That difference used to
be bridged by a generated shell script, which cost an hour once and
then cost rather more: `tools/compare` runs its command directly
rather than through a shell, so on Windows a wrapper script is not an
executable command, and three of the five implementations reported
every document as an error while being entirely correct. The bridging
is gone — `tools/compare -raw` declares the difference and the tool
converts — and the lesson is the one above, arrived at twice: when the
harness breaks, its output blames the implementation."
]
}
{
heading "What is archived, and why"
body [
"**`rust-second-attempt`** — a later Rust implementation by the same
author, written to see whether experience improved the result. On the
current corpus it scores worse: it refuses a comment that follows a
value on the same line, which the specification explicitly permits,
and whose own notes record as *three accepted a trailing comment and
one refused*. It is that one, and it predates the ruling.",
"It is kept rather than deleted because it is not worse in design. It
separates lexing into its own module and carries a dedicated
big-integer module, where the maintained one folds both into the
parser, and its CLI emits hex directly rather than raw bytes — the
better choice for a tool meant to be diffed. If the Rust
implementation is ever restructured, those three decisions are the ones to take
from here.",
"**`dart-before-web-fixes`** — superseded. It carries two defects found
by compiling for the web: an integer literal above 2^53 that `dart2js`
refuses to compile, and `ByteData.getUint64`, which is unsupported
there and throws at run time on any float. The maintained `dart/` has
both fixed, and a smoke test that runs the compiled output rather than
only building it."
]
}
{
heading "Python, and what an unrun implementation looks like"
body [
"`python/` was the earliest implementation written and was overlooked
when this directory was organised — it sat in `examples/` while
everything else moved. Running it was the first time anyone had.",
"It fails 18 of 20 documents, and the cause is not staleness. Fourteen
failures are **multi-line strings**, which is not a construct added
later: a string may span lines and always could, and nearly every
document here relies on it. Three more are trailing comments, the same
construct the archived Rust refuses. One is a partial timestamp such
as `2026-08`. One document encodes differently.",
"It is archived rather than repaired. A rewrite from the current
specification is a smaller job than retrofitting multi-line strings
into a lexer that never had them, and the specification is
considerably better now than on the morning this was written.",
"It is kept and reported rather than quietly deleted, because an
implementation nobody runs is indistinguishable from one that works,
and this one had been in that state since the day it was written —
which is the whole argument for `check.sh` reporting every
implementation on every run, including the archived ones."
]
}
{
heading "What they have found"
body "Independent implementations have located every serious defect in
this format. Not one came from re-reading the reference implementation."
table [
| "Defect" "Found by"
| "an empty sequence encoded as CBOR null" "one implementation"
| "a parser accepting missing separators between pairs" "one implementation"
| "`:true` accepted as a symbol name" "an author writing chemistry"
| "combining marks excluded, making pointed Arabic unwritable" "an author writing an IPA inventory"
| "base64 padding rejected in a payload" "authoring a reference document"
| "an EBNF contradicting the prose on separators" "a third implementation"
| "a reserved literal accepted as a bare map key" "four implementations, against the reference"
| "a table row swallowing its closing bracket" "the strictest implementation, across 14 documents"
| "a table cell ending in an identifier swallowing the next" "all five, at once — a document written to explain nothing"
| "map keys emitted unquoted, silently changing the value" "asserting that formatting cannot change the bytes"
| "`value` excluding annotation, which seq, cell and extension all need" "the sixth implementation, reading the EBNF before the corpus"
| "decoding not total: nesting, lying lengths, ill-formed UTF-8" "auditing the sixth against its own conformance list"
| "the same, in the other four, in four different ways" "asking whether the sixth's audit findings generalised"
| "a half-precision float widened to single by an off-by-four-bits mask" "two implementations, identically — which is the finding"
| "self-tests validating against stale private copies of the specification" "pointing them at the real one"
| "a safety cap set below the profile it must not restrict" "the seventh implementation, following advice that named only one direction"
| "formatting exponential in nesting depth" "three implementations, on a valid document the corpus happens not to contain"
| "a headerless document may open with a comment" "the eighth, refusing one every other implementation accepts"
| "the specification's errors table is a check, not an illustration" "the eighth, answering a prescribed input with a message that named no fix"
| "a symbol payload may be quoted, and the sigils table says otherwise" "the ninth, at its first vector run, on line 28 of the specification"
| "guidance to guard the recursion at the entry point, which a decoder cannot do" "the ninth, segfaulting with a correct guard it could not reach"
| "formatting cubic in depth, from re-prefixing indentation" "the ninth, by measuring the curve rather than waiting for a hang"
| "the guide never said where the word-rune category data comes from" "the eleventh, whose language is the first with no Unicode property API"
| "a formatter cache keyed on node address, aliasing the nodes a formatter invents" "reviewing the eleventh; two unknown CBOR tags formatted as one"
| "a table row beginning on the same line as its header" "the corpus, which grew a document depending on an unsettled reading; five refuse it and four accept"
| "the canonical text form was never written down, and no formatter matched the reference on any document" "tools/fmtcompare, the day it was written: 0 of 104 everywhere, including a reference that had never been read for text"
| "a map inside a table cell lost its authored order, so the reference failed its own idempotence" "the tenth implementation, formatting a table twice against the specification rather than against the reference"
| "the reference emitted keys and table headers it could not read back" "the second implementation, re-reading what it wrote; three corpus documents had lost their round trip and no check looked"
| "one-text-per-float did not say which of two equally short digit strings wins" "three implementations shipping three answers for one binary32 value in a real file, each on its runtime's own habit"
| "the guide contradicted the specification on the symbol predicate, and on how an array wraps" "the C and Julia implementations, following the guide and differing from the reference on twenty-seven documents and on every long array"
| "a stack-safety cap of 1,024 against a stack that overflows at 486" "the C++ implementation, measuring the depth its own build reaches rather than the constant it declares"
]
after "The reserved-literal and closing-bracket rows were found while
organising this directory: the
reference implementation was lenient where the grammar is strict,
and four independent readers had all concluded otherwise.
The last two are F22, and differ in kind. Every earlier row is one
implementation disagreeing with another; these are all of them
agreeing, wrongly, because the specification said cells are
self-delimiting and never said an identifier is not. A defect
present in five independent implementations is a defect in the
document they were written from.
The last row is the same defect seen from the other side. The
grammar's `value` production excludes annotation — it appears only
in `pair` — so an implementation written from the EBNF refuses
`[ hz 62.5 ]`, `| km 38.2` and `!ledger/line usd 5.00`, all three
of which are written in this corpus and all three of which the
reference accepts. Annotation belongs to the value position, not
to the pair. Say that, and F22 follows immediately: a table cell is
the one value position with no terminator, which is why the
identifier rule cannot be applied there and why the sixth
implementation restricts cell annotations to bare words.
The final row is not a disagreement between implementations but a
gap the re-encode check cannot see. `decoding-is-total` is a
conformance requirement, and the recommended way to verify a
decoder — re-encode and compare — verifies only that what was
decoded round-trips. It says nothing about whether decoding
terminates, so a document of four thousand open brackets, or a
five-byte header declaring two billion array items, crashes rather
than reports.
The row after it is what happened when that was checked in the
others rather than left as a suggestion: all four failed, and the
section above records how.
The last two rows are a different lesson and the more
uncomfortable one. Two implementations widened half-precision
floats to single because both carried a mantissa mask four bits
too wide — not the same kind of mistake, the same mistake, in the
same place, with the same constant. And four of the six were
running their self-tests against private copies of the
specification that had gone stale, one of them 428 lines against
the specification's 567, missing rulings this directory records
itself as having made. A conformance test read out of a stale copy
passes while testing nothing.
Independence is this directory's whole argument, and both rows
are evidence against it: implementations that fail identically
were not written independently, and implementations tested against
their own frozen copy of the specification are not being tested
against the specification at all. Both are now fixed — the mask in
both, and every self-test repointed at `spec/unimsg-v0.umsg` —
but the fix is not the point. The point is that the property this
directory exists to provide has to be checked too, and nothing
here was checking it."
}
]
}
The canonical encoding
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64implementations/README.umsg 38377 bytesEvery construct on this page
The formal columns are read from the specification when this page is generated. The last column is this site's plain-language gloss and is not normative — where they differ, the specification is right.
| construct | glyph | carries | example | gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| :annotation | — | — | — | A bare name qualifying the value after it—for example a language tag or a unit such as kg. It is not a value itself; a bare name with nothing after it is an error, not a guess. |
| :array | ^ | type, or type:shape; then [ elements ] | ^f64 [ 1.5, 2.5 ] or ^i16:2x3 [ … ] | A packed, homogeneous numeric array. The ^ marker gives every element its type and may also give the row-major shape: ^f64:2x3 [ … ]. |
| :array-element | — | — | — | One element of a typed array. Its type comes from the ^ marker, so 1.5 inside ^f64 is binary64 rather than an exact decimal. |
| :array-missing | — | — | — | A missing position in a typed array. null here is not an element value: it adds a validity mask while preserving the array's shape. |
| :block | — | — | — | A block: named pairs, in braces. Its keys are sorted in the encoding and shown here as written. |
| :bytes | ~ | encoding:data | ~hex:ff00 or ~b64:iVBORw0KGgo= | Raw octets, carried as octets. No base64 tax, no pretending they are text. |
| :comment | -- | to end of line | -- a note | A note for people. It travels with the pair it precedes and never reaches the bytes. |
| :decimal | — | — | — | An exact decimal. 19.99 is nineteen and ninety-nine hundredths, not the nearest double to it. |
| :extension | ! | name, then value | !acme/hint { zone 4 } | A qualifier this reader may not know. It survives the round trip intact, and stays legible on the way past — the rule that separates an extension from a private convention. |
| :float | — | — | — | A binary float, marked so it can never be mistaken for the exact decimal beside it. |
| :hash | # | algorithm:hex | #sha256:deadbeef | The digest of some content, with the algorithm said out loud so it is still meaningful in ten years. |
| :header | % | unimsg only | %unimsg 0 label | Declares the format version and what this document is. Optional, and useful exactly when a file arrives without context. |
| :identifier | @ | word | @ord-88213 | Gives this value a name, so another document can point at it without copying it. |
| :integer | — | — | — | A whole number of any size. Past 2^53 it is still exact, which is the whole reason this is not JSON. |
| :key | — | — | — | A field name: the first thing in a pair. It is bare when possible and quoted when needed, and names the content without becoming part of the value. |
| :reference | -> | an identifier or a path | -> @cust-4471, -> @lexicon.entries.kitāb | Points at a name. Nothing follows it while reading — resolution is somebody else's job, deliberately. |
| :reserved-literal | — | — | — | One of six bare words that are values rather than names. The list is fixed, so no value is coerced by what it looks like. |
| :sequence | — | — | — | An ordered list. Order is preserved and is meaning. |
| :string | — | — | — | Text. May span lines, so prose does not have to be escaped into one. |
| :symbol | : | word | :dispatched | A name from a fixed vocabulary, not free text. :high is a value someone chose; "high" is a phrase someone typed. |
| :table-row | | | cells | | sku qty | One record of a table. A table is sugar for a sequence of blocks with the same keys, and encodes identically to the longhand. |
| — | — | — | A temporal value at the precision written. 2026-08 stays a month, and 03:52 stays a wall-clock time; neither is widened into an invented instant. |