examples/chess-ruleset.umsg
%unimsg 0 ruleset/chess/v0 · 474 lines · 22961 bytes of text · 12599 bytes canonical · the raw file
Point at anything below — a sigil, a literal, a brace — and the card says what it is. Keyboard: tab through the document. Every explanation is also printed in full beneath the source.
%unimsg 0 ruleset/chess/v0
-- Standard chess as rules a machine can play, in @vocab/ruleset/v0.
--
-- NOT A RULEBOOK. There is a prose one, and it is a different artefact for a
-- different reader: it says "a piece attacks a square when it could capture an
-- opposing piece there", which a person understands and nothing can execute.
-- This document says which vectors, how far, under what conditions, and it
-- carries the node counts that prove it.
--
-- WHAT MAKES IT EMPIRICAL. Every claim here is checked, and not by reading:
--
-- (cd ../unimsg && go run ./tools/rscheck examples/chess-ruleset.umsg)
--
-- reads the rules below, generates moves from them alone, and reproduces the
-- perft counts and the move lists in :vectors. Those numbers are the chess
-- world's own conformance suite — published, independent of this document, and
-- reproduced here from python-chess rather than remembered. A rule written
-- wrongly changes a node count, and the count is what fails.
ruleset @ruleset/chess/v0 {
title "Standard chess, as rules a machine can play"
summary "The movement of six piece kinds as vectors in the mover's own frame,
the three moves that are not simple displacement — castling, the
double pawn push and the capture in passing — the one self-
referential rule that makes a move illegal because of the position
it would leave behind, and the conditions that end a game. Every
rule is stated as data; nothing here is prose a reader has to
interpret, and the perft counts at the bottom are what says so."
status :draft
at 2026-08-26
game "Standard chess"
authority "FIDE Laws of Chess, 2023 — the prose this document makes executable"
-- ===================================================================
-- THE BOARD AND THE SIDES
-- ===================================================================
board {
files 8
ranks 8
file-names [ "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h" ]
rank-names [ "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8" ]
}
-- THE MOVER'S FRAME, AND IT IS THE ONLY INDIRECTION IN THIS DOCUMENT.
--
-- Every vector below is written as the side to move sees it: +y is forward.
-- A side's :forward turns that into board coordinates, so one pawn definition
-- serves both colours and a rook's vectors are unaffected because its set is
-- symmetric. The alternative — a white pawn and a black pawn as separate
-- kinds — was rejected: it doubles every rule that mentions a pawn, and the
-- two would drift.
--
-- Ranks are indices from 0, so :pawn-rank 1 is the rank a white pawn starts
-- on and the FEN calls 2.
sides [
| side forward back-rank pawn-rank promotion-rank
| :white 1 0 1 7
| :black -1 7 6 0
]
turn-order :alternating
first-move :white
-- ===================================================================
-- THE PIECES
-- ===================================================================
--
-- :ride repeats a vector until something stops it — the edge, a friend
-- before it, an enemy on it. :leap takes the vector once and does not care
-- what it passed over.
--
-- That is the whole movement language, and the knight needs no special case:
-- it leaps (1,2), and leaping is defined as not looking at what is between.
pieces {
king {
symbol "K"
royal true
moves [
{
mode :leap
may :move-or-capture
vectors [ | x y, | 1 0, | 1 1, | 0 1, | -1 1, | -1 0, | -1 -1, | 0 -1, | 1 -1 ]
},
]
}
queen {
symbol "Q"
moves [
{
mode :ride
may :move-or-capture
vectors [ | x y, | 1 0, | 1 1, | 0 1, | -1 1, | -1 0, | -1 -1, | 0 -1, | 1 -1 ]
},
]
}
rook {
symbol "R"
moves [
{
mode :ride
may :move-or-capture
vectors [ | x y, | 1 0, | -1 0, | 0 1, | 0 -1 ]
},
]
}
bishop {
symbol "B"
moves [
{
mode :ride
may :move-or-capture
vectors [ | x y, | 1 1, | -1 1, | -1 -1, | 1 -1 ]
},
]
}
knight {
symbol "N"
moves [
{
mode :leap
may :move-or-capture
vectors [ | x y, | 1 2, | 2 1, | 2 -1, | 1 -2, | -1 -2, | -2 -1, | -2 1, | -1 2 ]
},
]
}
-- THE ONLY PIECE THAT NEEDS MORE THAN A VECTOR LIST, and every one of the
-- four rules below exists because a pawn does something no other piece
-- does: it moves one way and captures another, it may go twice from home,
-- it may capture a square its victim is not standing on, and it stops
-- being a pawn at the far edge.
pawn {
symbol "P"
moves [
-- forward one, only onto an empty square
{
mode :leap
may :move-only
vectors [ | x y, | 0 1 ]
},
-- forward two from the pawn rank, with both squares empty. It leaves
-- behind the square it stepped over, which is the only transient state
-- in the game.
{
mode :leap
may :move-only
vectors [ | x y, | 0 2 ]
from-rank :pawn-rank
path-empty true
sets-passing true
},
-- diagonally one, only onto an enemy
{
mode :leap
may :capture-only
vectors [ | x y, | 1 1, | -1 1 ]
},
-- and onto the square a pawn stepped over on the move just played,
-- capturing the pawn that is beside the destination rather than on it
{
mode :leap
may :capture-passing
vectors [ | x y, | 1 1, | -1 1 ]
},
]
promotes {
on-rank :promotion-rank
to [ :queen, :rook, :bishop, :knight ]
}
}
}
-- ===================================================================
-- CASTLING
-- ===================================================================
--
-- NOT A LEAP, AND PRETENDING OTHERWISE IS HOW THIS GETS WRITTEN WRONGLY. It
-- moves two pieces, it is conditioned on what has never happened rather than
-- on the position, and it is refused by squares the king merely passes over
-- — three properties no vector carries. So it is its own rule kind, with the
-- files named and the rank taken from the mover's :back-rank.
--
-- The right is spent when the king moves, when the rook moves, and when the
-- rook is captured where it stands. All three are consequences of the same
-- statement: a right survives only while both its squares hold their
-- original pieces.
castling [
| right king-from king-to rook-from rook-to must-be-empty must-be-unattacked fen san
| :king-side "e" "g" "h" "f" "f g" "e f g" "K" "O-O"
| :queen-side "e" "c" "a" "d" "b c d" "e d c" "Q" "O-O-O"
]
-- HOW A POSITION IS WRITTEN DOWN, which is notation and not rules.
--
-- FEN is chess's own, it is what every engine and every database speaks, and
-- using it is what lets the vectors below be checked against something that
-- has never read this document. The cost is that two conventions have to be
-- declared rather than derived: uppercase is the first side, and the
-- castling field spells each right with the letter in the table above.
notation {
positions :fen
moves :long-algebraic
transcripts :standard-algebraic
uppercase :white
unlettered :pawn
}
-- ===================================================================
-- WHAT MAKES A MOVE ILLEGAL
-- ===================================================================
legality {
royal :king
refuses :a-move-that-leaves-the-royal-attacked
because "THE ONE SELF-REFERENTIAL RULE IN THE GAME, and the reason a rules
document cannot be a flat table. Whether a move is legal depends
on which squares are attacked in the position it produces, and
which squares are attacked is defined by these same movement
rules. Every implementation resolves it the same way and this one
says so out loud: generate by geometry, then discard what leaves
the royal attacked.
CHECK IS NOT A RULE HERE. It is what this refusal looks like from
the other side, and giving it its own clause would be one fact
written twice."
}
-- ===================================================================
-- HOW A GAME ENDS
-- ===================================================================
--
-- The first two are consequences of the legality rule and nothing else: no
-- legal move, and the royal is either attacked or it is not. The rest are
-- counts and comparisons over the history.
termination [
| outcome when checked
| :checkmate "the side to move has no legal move and its royal is attacked" :by-vector
| :stalemate "the side to move has no legal move and its royal is not attacked" :by-vector
| :insufficient-material "neither side holds material that could deliver mate: king against king, king and one minor piece, or king and bishop against king and bishop on one colour" :by-vector
| :fifty-move "fifty moves by each side with no capture and no pawn move" :not-checked
| :threefold "the same position, to move and rights and passing square, three times" :not-checked
| :resignation "a player says so, which is not a property of the position" :out-of-scope
]
-- INSUFFICIENT MATERIAL AS DATA RATHER THAN AS A SENTENCE. "Material that
-- could not deliver mate" is a claim about the whole game tree, and no
-- checker is going to derive it; what every implementation actually does is
-- compare the holdings against a short list. So the list is the rule, and
-- each row matches in either direction.
insufficient-material [
| side-holds other-holds note
| "king" "king" "nothing can be forced with no material at all"
| "king knight" "king" "a lone knight cannot corner a king"
| "king bishop" "king" "nor can a lone bishop"
]
the-fourth-row-is-missing "KING AND BISHOP AGAINST KING AND BISHOP ON ONE
COLOUR is also a draw and this table cannot say it, because the condition
is not which pieces are held but which squares they stand on. Expressing it
needs a predicate over square colour, which @vocab/ruleset/v0 has no way to
write.
RECORDED RATHER THAN QUIETLY OMITTED. A reader comparing this table against
the FIDE laws will find the gap; better they find it here with the reason
than conclude the table is the whole rule."
the-two-that-are-not-checked "FIFTY-MOVE AND THREEFOLD ARE STATED AND NOT
PROVEN, and the difference matters enough to say. Both are properties of a
HISTORY rather than of a position, and every vector below is a position.
Testing them needs a game transcript, which @vocab/ruleset/v0 does not
carry in this version.
SO A CONFORMING IMPLEMENTATION MAY GET THEM WRONG AND STILL PASS. That is
an honest gap, not a hidden one, and it is the first thing v1 should
close."
-- ===================================================================
-- THE VECTORS
-- ===================================================================
--
-- The claim the whole document rests on, in a form that fails loudly.
--
-- PERFT IS THE CHESS WORLD'S OWN CONFORMANCE SUITE: the number of distinct
-- legal move sequences of a given length from a given position. It is
-- exhaustive where an example is not — a wrong rule about a pin, a castling
-- right or a capture in passing changes a count somewhere — and the numbers
-- are published, so they are evidence about this document rather than
-- evidence about the tool that reads it.
--
-- These six positions are the standard set, chosen between them to exercise
-- every irregular rule: the initial position for the ordinary case, kiwipete
-- for castling under attack, endgame-pins for pinned pieces and capture in
-- passing, promotion-heavy for promotion with check, cramped for a position
-- where most moves are illegal, and steady for a quiet middlegame.
--
-- REPRODUCED FROM python-chess ON 2026-08-26, not remembered.
positions [
| name fen
| "initial" "rnbqkbnr/pppppppp/8/8/8/8/PPPPPPPP/RNBQKBNR w KQkq - 0 1"
| "kiwipete" "r3k2r/p1ppqpb1/bn2pnp1/3PN3/1p2P3/2N2Q1p/PPPBBPPP/R3K2R w KQkq - 0 1"
| "endgame-pins" "8/2p5/3p4/KP5r/1R3p1k/8/4P1P1/8 w - - 0 1"
| "promotion-heavy" "r3k2r/Pppp1ppp/1b3nbN/nP6/BBP1P3/q4N2/Pp1P2PP/R2Q1RK1 w kq - 0 1"
| "cramped" "rnbq1k1r/pp1Pbppp/2p5/8/2B5/8/PPP1NnPP/RNBQK2R w KQ - 1 8"
| "steady" "r4rk1/1pp1qppp/p1np1n2/2b1p1B1/2B1P1b1/P1NP1N2/1PP1QPPP/R4RK1 w - - 0 10"
| "fools-mate" "rnb1kbnr/pppp1ppp/8/4p3/6Pq/5P2/PPPPP2P/RNBQKBNR w KQkq - 1 3"
| "stalemate" "7k/5Q2/6K1/8/8/8/8/8 b - - 0 1"
| "bare-kings" "8/8/4k3/8/8/3K4/8/8 w - - 0 1"
| "king-and-bishop" "8/8/4k3/8/8/3K1B2/8/8 w - - 0 1"
| "in-check-not-mate" "rnbqkbnr/ppp2ppp/8/1B1pp3/4P3/8/PPPP1PPP/RNBQK1NR b KQkq - 1 3"
| "castle-out-of-check" "4r2k/8/8/8/8/8/8/R3K3 w Q - 0 1"
| "castle-into-check-qs" "2r4k/8/8/8/8/8/8/R3K3 w Q - 0 1"
| "castle-into-check-ks" "6rk/8/8/8/8/8/8/4K2R w K - 0 1"
]
perft [
| position depth nodes
| "initial" 1 20
| "initial" 2 400
| "initial" 3 8902
| "initial" 4 197281
| "kiwipete" 1 48
| "kiwipete" 2 2039
| "kiwipete" 3 97862
| "endgame-pins" 1 14
| "endgame-pins" 2 191
| "endgame-pins" 3 2812
| "endgame-pins" 4 43238
| "promotion-heavy" 1 6
| "promotion-heavy" 2 264
| "promotion-heavy" 3 9467
| "cramped" 1 44
| "cramped" 2 1486
| "cramped" 3 62379
| "steady" 1 46
| "steady" 2 2079
| "steady" 3 89890
| "castle-out-of-check" 1 4
| "castle-out-of-check" 2 64
| "castle-out-of-check" 3 961
| "castle-into-check-qs" 1 15
| "castle-into-check-qs" 2 231
| "castle-into-check-qs" 3 3539
| "castle-into-check-ks" 1 14
| "castle-into-check-ks" 2 54
| "castle-into-check-ks" 3 716
]
-- A count says a number is right and not which moves were counted. Two
-- positions are written out in full so that a first failure has somewhere to
-- start, and so that a person can check one by eye.
moves [
| position legal
| "initial" "a2a3 a2a4 b1a3 b1c3 b2b3 b2b4 c2c3 c2c4 d2d3 d2d4 e2e3 e2e4 f2f3 f2f4 g1f3 g1h3 g2g3 g2g4 h2h3 h2h4"
| "endgame-pins" "a5a4 a5a6 b4a4 b4b1 b4b2 b4b3 b4c4 b4d4 b4e4 b4f4 e2e3 e2e4 g2g3 g2g4"
| "castle-out-of-check" "e1d1 e1d2 e1f1 e1f2"
| "castle-into-check-qs" "a1a2 a1a3 a1a4 a1a5 a1a6 a1a7 a1a8 a1b1 a1c1 a1d1 e1d1 e1d2 e1e2 e1f1 e1f2"
| "castle-into-check-ks" "e1d1 e1d2 e1e2 e1f1 e1f2 h1f1 h1g1 h1h2 h1h3 h1h4 h1h5 h1h6 h1h7 h1h8"
]
-- A GAME IS THE OTHER KIND OF EVIDENCE, and it tests the opposite thing to
-- perft. A node count is breadth at shallow depth; a transcript is one exact
-- chain forty-five plies long, where a single wrong state makes every later
-- move unparseable or legal-when-it-should-not-be. Between them they leave
-- little room: a rule wrong in a common position fails perft, and a rule
-- wrong in a rare one fails a game.
--
-- WRITTEN IN STANDARD ALGEBRAIC, which is the notation these games exist in
-- rather than one chosen for this document — so a reader can compare the
-- moves against any published score. Resolving `Nbd7` needs the legal move
-- list, which is the rules above; the reader adds no knowledge of its own.
--
-- THE FINAL POSITION IS COMPARED ON ITS FIRST FOUR FIELDS. The halfmove
-- clock belongs to the fifty-move rule, which this document declares
-- :not-checked, so comparing it would report a difference nothing here
-- claims to settle. The full FEN is recorded anyway, because a truncated one
-- is no use to anybody wanting to check it elsewhere.
--
-- Reproduced from python-chess on 2026-08-26.
games [
| name played final outcome
| "opera" "e4 e5 Nf3 d6 d4 Bg4 dxe5 Bxf3 Qxf3 dxe5 Bc4 Nf6 Qb3 Qe7 Nc3 c6 Bg5 b5 Nxb5 cxb5 Bxb5+ Nbd7 O-O-O Rd8 Rxd7 Rxd7 Rd1 Qe6 Bxd7+ Nxd7 Qb8+ Nxb8 Rd8#" "1n1Rkb1r/p4ppp/4q3/4p1B1/4P3/8/PPP2PPP/2K5 b k - 1 17" :checkmate
| "immortal" "e4 e5 f4 exf4 Bc4 Qh4+ Kf1 b5 Bxb5 Nf6 Nf3 Qh6 d3 Nh5 Nh4 Qg5 Nf5 c6 g4 Nf6 Rg1 cxb5 h4 Qg6 h5 Qg5 Qf3 Ng8 Bxf4 Qf6 Nc3 Bc5 Nd5 Qxb2 Bd6 Bxg1 e5 Qxa1+ Ke2 Na6 Nxg7+ Kd8 Qf6+ Nxf6 Be7#" "r1bk3r/p2pBpNp/n4n2/1p1NP2P/6P1/3P4/P1P1K3/q5b1 b - - 1 23" :checkmate
| "irregular" "e4 c5 e5 d5 exd6 Nf6 dxe7 Qd7 exf8=Q+ Kxf8 d4 cxd4" "rnb2k1r/pp1q1ppp/5n2/8/3p4/8/PPP2PPP/RNBQKBNR w KQ - 0 7" :none
]
the-third-game-is-not-famous "IT IS THERE BECAUSE THE OTHER TWO DO NOT
CAPTURE IN PASSING AND DO NOT PROMOTE. Two celebrated games between them
exercise castling, disambiguation, check and mate, and neither touches the
two rules that took the most argument to write. A line constructed to hit
them is worth less as chess and more as evidence, and saying which is
which is the point of the row's name."
outcomes [
| position in-check legal-moves outcome
| "fools-mate" true 0 :checkmate
| "stalemate" false 0 :stalemate
| "bare-kings" false 8 :insufficient-material
| "king-and-bishop" false 19 :insufficient-material
| "in-check-not-mate" true 6 :none
]
-- WHAT NO POSITION CAN TEST, and why that is a fact about the rules rather
-- than a gap in the vectors.
--
-- tools/rscheck -falsify weakens one declared rule at a time and reports any
-- weakening no vector noticed. Both rows below survived every position above,
-- including three written specifically to catch them — because the clause is
-- IMPLIED BY THE LEGALITY RULE and no position in standard chess can tell the
-- two apart.
--
-- KEPT ANYWAY, AND THAT IS THE ARGUMENT. The FIDE laws name three squares —
-- the one the king leaves, the one it crosses, the one it lands on — and only
-- the first two add anything once "no move may leave the royal attacked"
-- exists. Deleting the third would make this document quietly disagree with
-- the text it claims to encode, and would be wrong for a variant whose rook
-- path could block an attack on the destination.
unfalsifiable [
| mutation why
| "king-side stops requiring g to be unattacked" "g is where the king lands, so the legality rule already refuses it: the move leaves the royal attacked and is discarded before anything asks about castling. Redundant in standard chess, not redundant in general"
| "queen-side stops requiring c to be unattacked" "the same clause on the other side, and the same reason. e and d are both caught, which is what says the redundancy is specific to the destination and not to castling"
]
-- ===================================================================
-- SCRUTINY
-- ===================================================================
scrutiny {
load-bearing "THAT PERFT DISTINGUISHES A CORRECT RULE FROM AN
ALMOST-CORRECT ONE. If a plausible mistake — castling through check,
capture in passing available a move too late, a pinned piece allowed to
move — left every count in the table unchanged, then the vectors are
decoration and this document is prose with numbers on it. Six positions
to depth three or four were chosen because that is the set the chess
engine world settled on for exactly this reason, and each was picked for
a rule it breaks."
to-falsify "Change one rule above in a way that is wrong but reasonable —
delete the :queen-side unattacked square, drop the :capture-passing
rule, let the double push ignore :path-empty — and run the checker. If
the counts still pass, the vector set is too weak and the position list
needs the case that catches it."
would-change "IF THE MOVER'S FRAME TURNS OUT TO CONFUSE A READER more than
two pawn definitions would, the indirection is not worth it and the
pawn should be written twice. Nothing about the checking changes; it is
a decision about who this document is for.
AND IF A VARIANT NEEDS SOMETHING THE MOVEMENT LANGUAGE CANNOT SAY —
jumping over a piece and removing it, dropping a captured piece back on
the board, a move whose legality depends on the move count — then
@vocab/ruleset/v0 is a chess vocabulary wearing a general name, and it
should be renamed rather than extended one special case at a time."
already-rejected [
| approach why-not
| "prose rules with a machine hint" "that is the document this one exists to replace. A hint is not executable and drifts from the prose beside it"
| "symmetry operators on the vector lists" "a rook as `ride (1,0) with 4-fold rotation` is shorter and needs an expander before a reader knows what it means. Eight vectors written out cost four lines and nothing has to be run to read them"
| "a white pawn and a black pawn" "explicit, and it doubles every rule mentioning a pawn. The mover's frame is one transform stated once, and the vectors catch it if it is wrong"
| "example games instead of perft" "an example proves a rule fires and never proves one is absent. Perft counts what a wrong rule would have added"
| "encoding the rules as a WASM module" "that is savage, it works, and it is a different artefact: a module is a thing you run, this is a thing you read AND run. The point of the exercise is whether the second is possible"
]
}
}
The canonical encoding
Produced by the reference encoder when this page was built. Decoding these bytes and printing them in the text form returns the document above, byte for byte — that round trip is the claim the whole format rests on.
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examples/chess-ruleset.umsg 12599 bytesEvery construct on this page
The formal columns are read from the specification when this page is generated. The last column is this site's plain-language gloss and is not normative — where they differ, the specification is right.
| construct | glyph | carries | example | gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| :annotation | — | — | — | A bare name qualifying the value after it—for example a language tag or a unit such as kg. It is not a value itself; a bare name with nothing after it is an error, not a guess. |
| :array | ^ | type, or type:shape; then [ elements ] | ^f64 [ 1.5, 2.5 ] or ^i16:2x3 [ … ] | A packed, homogeneous numeric array. The ^ marker gives every element its type and may also give the row-major shape: ^f64:2x3 [ … ]. |
| :array-element | — | — | — | One element of a typed array. Its type comes from the ^ marker, so 1.5 inside ^f64 is binary64 rather than an exact decimal. |
| :array-missing | — | — | — | A missing position in a typed array. null here is not an element value: it adds a validity mask while preserving the array's shape. |
| :block | — | — | — | A block: named pairs, in braces. Its keys are sorted in the encoding and shown here as written. |
| :bytes | ~ | encoding:data | ~hex:ff00 or ~b64:iVBORw0KGgo= | Raw octets, carried as octets. No base64 tax, no pretending they are text. |
| :comment | -- | to end of line | -- a note | A note for people. It travels with the pair it precedes and never reaches the bytes. |
| :decimal | — | — | — | An exact decimal. 19.99 is nineteen and ninety-nine hundredths, not the nearest double to it. |
| :extension | ! | name, then value | !acme/hint { zone 4 } | A qualifier this reader may not know. It survives the round trip intact, and stays legible on the way past — the rule that separates an extension from a private convention. |
| :float | — | — | — | A binary float, marked so it can never be mistaken for the exact decimal beside it. |
| :hash | # | algorithm:hex | #sha256:deadbeef | The digest of some content, with the algorithm said out loud so it is still meaningful in ten years. |
| :header | % | unimsg only | %unimsg 0 label | Declares the format version and what this document is. Optional, and useful exactly when a file arrives without context. |
| :identifier | @ | word | @ord-88213 | Gives this value a name, so another document can point at it without copying it. |
| :integer | — | — | — | A whole number of any size. Past 2^53 it is still exact, which is the whole reason this is not JSON. |
| :key | — | — | — | A field name: the first thing in a pair. It is bare when possible and quoted when needed, and names the content without becoming part of the value. |
| :reference | -> | an identifier or a path | -> @cust-4471, -> @lexicon.entries.kitāb | Points at a name. Nothing follows it while reading — resolution is somebody else's job, deliberately. |
| :reserved-literal | — | — | — | One of six bare words that are values rather than names. The list is fixed, so no value is coerced by what it looks like. |
| :sequence | — | — | — | An ordered list. Order is preserved and is meaning. |
| :string | — | — | — | Text. May span lines, so prose does not have to be escaped into one. |
| :symbol | : | word | :dispatched | A name from a fixed vocabulary, not free text. :high is a value someone chose; "high" is a phrase someone typed. |
| :table-row | | | cells | | sku qty | One record of a table. A table is sugar for a sequence of blocks with the same keys, and encodes identically to the longhand. |
| — | — | — | A temporal value at the precision written. 2026-08 stays a month, and 03:52 stays a wall-clock time; neither is widened into an invented instant. |