docs/55-repository-vocabulary.umsg
%unimsg 0 design/repository-vocabulary/v0 · 392 lines · 26746 bytes of text · 23913 bytes canonical · the raw file
Point at anything below — a sigil, a literal, a brace — and the card says what it is. Keyboard: tab through the document. Every explanation is also printed in full beneath the source.
%unimsg 0 design/repository-vocabulary/v0
-- The argument for @vocab/repository/v0: why a git repository is a subject
-- this format can hold exactly, what the one unusual property of that subject
-- buys — a falsifier nothing else in this repository has — and what it turned
-- out NOT to be able to say, which is a shorter list than the question
-- deserved and a more interesting one.
--
-- Written against @vocab/design/v0. It follows examples/git.umsg, which
-- describes the system this vocabulary describes an instance of.
repository-vocabulary @design/repository-vocabulary/v0 {
title "The repository vocabulary: a subject that can check the conversion itself"
status :proposal
about -> @vocab/repository/v0
follows -> @systems/git/v0
at 2026-09-04
-- ===================================================================
-- THE ASK
-- ===================================================================
the-ask "In the asker's own words: whether every single part of what is
contained in a git repository can be represented in a unimsg document,
with a correction if the answer is no.
THE ANSWER IS YES FOR WHAT A REPOSITORY CONTAINS, NO FOR WHAT IT IS, and
the two halves of that are the whole of this document. Everything git
stores is representable and now demonstrably is. What a document cannot
be is a repository — a mutable thing — and that is a property of
documents rather than a gap in the vocabulary."
what-was-built [
| artefact is
| "vocab/subjects/repository-v0.umsg" "the vocabulary"
| "tools/git2umsg" "the writer: reads a repository through git's plumbing and emits a document, parsing every object and falling back to :raw only where the parse does not reproduce the object's own bytes"
| "tools/repocheck" "the reader: runs the gate over a document with no access to any repository, re-serialising every object and comparing its hash with the name it is stored under"
| "internal/gitobj" "the serialisation both of them share, which is the vocabulary's serialisation block in Go"
| "examples/repository-scratch.umsg" "a repository built to be awkward on purpose, converted and checked"
| "examples/repository-scratch-link.umsg" "the same repository one commit later, as a LINK: three objects and the mutable layer, pinned to the base by digest"
| "the chain form" ":predecessor in the vocabulary, `-since` in the writer, chain resolution in the checker. See decision-six-the-chain-is-objects-only"
]
-- ===================================================================
-- THE ONE PROPERTY THAT MAKES THIS DIFFERENT
-- ===================================================================
every-other-conversion-here-asks-to-be-believed "AND THIS ONE DOES NOT, which
is the load-bearing claim and is worth stating before any decision.
tools/svg2umsg PRODUCES A DIAGRAM DOCUMENT, and the question `did it lose
anything` is answered by a person looking at two pictures, or by a
checker written by the same author as the vocabulary. tools/docx2umsg is
the same. tools/gltf2umsg is the same. In each case the source format has
no name for its own bytes, so fidelity is a claim about a conversion and
the only witnesses are on the conversion's side.
GIT NAMES EVERY OBJECT BY THE HASH OF ITS BYTES. So a document holding a
repository can be checked by anybody, against names the document did not
choose, with no access to the original store and no trust in the tool
that wrote it. A conversion that dropped a byte in a file name that was
not UTF-8, or in the last newline of a commit message, or in the folding
of a signature, produces a different name and is caught.
THAT IS WHY THE VOCABULARY STORES PARSED OBJECTS RATHER THAN OPAQUE ONES.
Splitting a commit into headers and a message would be a risk in any
other subject; here the split is free, because it is checked."
the-measurement "This repository, whole: 3,935 objects, 190,138,733 bytes of
content, carried into a document by tools/git2umsg in 12.5 seconds and
read back by tools/repocheck in 7.5. Every object parsed. Every parse
reproduced its own name. Zero fell back to :raw.
THE SCRATCH REPOSITORY WAS BUILT TO BREAK THAT and did not: a blob of
arbitrary bytes, a tree entry named in Latin-1, every mode git has
including a gitlink and a symlink, a crafted commit carrying an
`encoding` header and a folded `gpgsig` and a message with no trailing
newline, an annotated tag, packed refs, a multi-valued remote. Ten
objects, ten parses, ten matching names."
-- ===================================================================
-- THE DECISIONS
-- ===================================================================
decision-one-the-spelling-is-forced "THE RULE EVERYTHING ELSE HANGS FROM, and
the one that took the longest to get right. A repository is full of byte
strings that are usually text — a source file, a message, a file name, a
header value — and the obvious design offers both spellings and lets the
author pick the readable one.
THAT IS THE DEFECT @vocab/vocabulary/v0 CALLS `a fact writable two ways`,
and here it is worse than usual, because BOTH SPELLINGS HASH THE SAME. A
divergence between two converters would be invisible to the one check
that catches everything else.
SO A PREDICATE DECIDES. text-safe is total, it is computed from the bytes,
and a document writing the other form is refused — by tools/repocheck,
which reads every such value through one function that refuses the wrong
spelling on the way past.
THE SAME SHAPE IS USED TWICE MORE: parsed-or-:raw is decided by whether
the parse reproduces the bytes, and :completeness is the weakest class
that admits every absence present. In all three cases the writer computes
and the reader re-computes, and nothing is a matter of taste."
decision-two-a-carriage-return-forces-bytes "THE SMALLEST DECISION HERE AND
THE ONE MOST LIKELY TO BE RE-PROPOSED, so its reason is in the vocabulary
rather than only here: a `.umsg` file holding a CRLF blob as a text string
is a file that `core.autocrlf` will rewrite on checkout, and the object
will stop hashing to its name. The document would be corrupted by the
very system it describes.
IT COSTS READABILITY on Windows repositories, where every source file goes
to hex. That is a real price for a real guarantee, and the alternative
price — a document whose correctness depends on a setting on a machine
nobody asks about — is not one worth paying."
decision-three-derived-things-are-refused-rather-than-carried "A pack, a
pack index, a commit-graph, a bitmap, a multi-pack index, the index's TREE
extension, the untracked cache and the index's stat fields are each a
FUNCTION of the objects and the refs, and none is here.
THE ARGUMENT IS NOT SIZE. It is that a cache beside the thing it caches is
a second statement of one fact, free to disagree with the first, and a
document is exactly the wrong place to keep such a pair: it will be read
years later by something that cannot tell which half is stale.
`git repack` rebuilds every one of them from what is here.
THE STAT FIELDS ARE THE CLEAREST CASE, and examples/git.umsg already had
the sentence for it: an implementation may write zeros into them and
remain correct, and will be slow. Ten fields per entry about one
filesystem on one machine, wrong the moment the repository is copied."
decision-four-a-gitlink-is-a-boundary "FOUND BY CONVERTING THE FIRST REAL
DOCUMENT, which is the value of the landing checklist's first item stated
as a fact rather than as advice.
THE VOCABULARY ORIGINALLY SAID :complete MEANS EVERY REACHABLE OBJECT IS
HELD, and :absent is refused when :complete. Then tools/git2umsg met a
tree entry at mode `160000` — a submodule commit, which no clone of the
outer repository has ever held — and dutifully declared a perfectly
healthy repository incomplete.
SO REACHABILITY STOPS AT A GITLINK AND AT AN ALTERNATE, both are recorded
in :absent, and :complete admits exactly those two reasons. The table now
has an `admits` column and the class is computed rather than claimed. The
bug was found by a tool in its first run against ten objects; it would
have been found by a reader of a real repository some months later."
decision-five-the-working-tree-is-in-and-is-fenced "A dirty working tree is
the part of a live repository that exists nowhere else, so dropping it
would make a snapshot of everything except what the person was doing. It
is in.
IT IS ALSO THE ONE KEY WHOSE CONTENT IS NOT CONTENT-ADDRESSED, so it holds
only DEPARTURES from the index, its bytes are explicitly not hashed by the
gate, and it is excluded from equality. Two consumers that disagree about
a checkout have not disagreed about a repository."
decision-six-the-chain-is-objects-only "ADDED AFTER THE FIRST DRAFT LANDED,
because a snapshot that restates 182 MiB to record one commit is a
transport artefact and not a thing anybody keeps a history in.
A DOCUMENT IS NOW A BASE OR A LINK. A link pins its :predecessor by the
digest of that document's canonical encoding, carries ONLY the objects the
chain does not already hold, and restates the mutable layer — refs, head,
index, config, reflogs, pseudo-refs, worktree, local files — in full.
THE ASYMMETRY IS THE DESIGN. No git object ever changes, so the difference
between two snapshots is a SET and needs no delta encoding at all; refs do
change, so a delta over them would need add, remove and modify — a second
grammar earning a few hundred bytes, and one that would make :ref-answer
unanswerable from a link alone.
MEASURED, twice. On the scratch repository a link recording one commit is
6,530 bytes against a base of 8,907, which looks unimpressive and is: at
that size the mutable layer IS the document. On this repository a link is
448,521 bytes against a base of 294,548,118 — a factor of 657 — and the
chain of the two checks in seven seconds, 3,955 objects, every name
hashing."
what-a-link-costs "THE PROPERTY THE VOCABULARY IS BUILT ON DEGRADES, and the
shape of the degradation is the reason this was safe to add.
EVERY OBJECT IN A LINK IS STILL CHECKABLE ALONE. tools/repocheck handed
only a link re-serialises and hashes all of them, with no predecessor and
no network, and says so. What it cannot do is answer whether a ref names
something the repository holds, so it reports the chain as UNRESOLVED —
neither a pass nor a refusal — and skips exactly those checks.
THAT IS THE SPECIFICATION'S OWN RULE ARRIVING AS A CONSEQUENCE:
resolution is relative to a set the consumer chose, and a checker reports
rather than judges. It was not invented for this."
the-refusals-were-tested-rather-than-asserted [
| tampering "what happened"
| "one byte of a blob in the link changed" "refused, by name: `serialises to a3824d9f… — the name and the bytes disagree`"
| "the predecessor digest altered by one hex character" "refused: the two documents are no longer one chain, because nothing continues the base"
| "the link handed over on its own" "3 objects verified, chain reported unresolved, reference and completeness checks skipped"
]
-- ===================================================================
-- WHAT CANNOT BE SAID, AND WHY EACH IS THE ANSWER IT IS
-- ===================================================================
the-honest-register [
| cannot-be-represented kind-of-limit is-it-the-formats
| "a repository, as a live mutable thing" "a document is an instant" "NO — it is what a document IS. :at says which instant, and every ref, index and worktree fact goes stale the next time anybody commits"
| "the byte-exact contents of the .git directory" "deliberate" "NO — loose or packed, the zlib level and the file times are storage decisions. The same repository has many spellings on disk and exactly one here"
| "a delta, and therefore pack-level compactness" "deliberate" "NO — a delta makes one object's meaning depend on another's bytes, which forfeits the per-object check this vocabulary is built on. The measured price is 1.98x the packed store"
| "filesystem facts git does not track" "inherited" "NO — git records four modes and a symlink and nothing else. A document that added owners, times and ACLs would be a backup format wearing a repository's clothes"
| "a rebase or bisect in progress, in full" "deliberate" "PARTLY — MERGE_HEAD, the conflicted index stages and resolve-undo are here, because they are facts. The sequencer's scratch directory is not, because it is resumable only by the version of git that wrote it"
| "FETCH_HEAD" "deliberate" "NO — its lines carry a merge flag and a description, so it is a record of a command rather than one object name"
| "a submodule's contents, an LFS object's contents" "a boundary" "NO — both live in another store. The gitlink and the pointer blob are held exactly, and what they name is another document"
| "whether a signature verifies" "not a fact about the store" "NO — the `gpgsig` header is carried byte for byte. Verification needs a keyring, which changes without the repository changing"
]
the-only-one-that-is-about-the-format "AND IT IS NOT IN THE TABLE, because it
is not a limit on what can be SAID. A document holding a large repository
is large: 281 MiB of text or 182 MiB encoded, for a store git keeps in 92.
Nothing is lost and nothing is unrepresentable; it is simply not a file
anybody opens.
WHAT THAT MEANS IN PRACTICE is that the interesting documents are
:selective ones — one branch, one subtree, one commit range — and the
vocabulary was given the class for it before the size was measured. The
whole-repository document is a transport artefact and a test case, and it
is both of those honestly."
the-delta-question-was-measured "ASKED AFTER THE VOCABULARY WAS DRAFTED —
could an adjacent structure hold deltas for the objects that change — and
it produced the sharpest measurement here and one correction.
THE CORRECTION FIRST. The draft said a delta forfeits the per-object
check. That is wrong. A delta chain is fully verifiable: materialise the
base, which is hashed against its own name, apply the instructions, hash
the result, compare it with the name it is stored under. Every link is
checked. The reason to refuse a delta is real but it is a different one,
and it is now stated as such in the vocabulary.
THEN THE NUMBERS, over this repository:
raw object content 181.3 MiB
the CBOR document 182.2 MiB 1.98x the store
every object zlib -9 alone, no deltas 101.3 MiB 1.10x
the document, gzip -9 101.0 MiB 1.10x
git's actual store, packs and loose 92.0 MiB 1.00x
the document, xz -9 69.8 MiB 0.76x
TWO THINGS FALL OUT. Git's whole delta contribution is the gap between
rows three and five — 9.2 per cent; everything else it wins is zlib. And
a general-purpose compressor with a 64 MiB dictionary, over the plain
un-deltified document, is a QUARTER SMALLER than the delta-compressed
store it is being compared with, because it finds redundancy across
objects that git's delta heuristics never pair up.
SO THE ADJACENT DELTA STRUCTURE WOULD COST A GRAMMAR TO BUY A LOSS. It
stays refused, and the reason is now a measurement instead of an
intuition.
WHAT WOULD CHANGE IT is a repository of large near-identical blobs — one
big file committed many times — where git's deltas earn their keep and a
64 MiB window does not reach across the copies. This repository is the
opposite case and says so: its blobs are mostly vendored binaries, which
deltify badly and compress well."
a-note-on-the-other-reading "THE QUESTION ALSO ADMITS A SECOND READING —
deltas BETWEEN snapshots — and there the answer is that the premise does
not arise. No git object ever changes; that is what content addressing
means. Between two snapshots the store only grows, so `the objects that
change` is the empty set.
MEASURED ON THE SCRATCH REPOSITORY: one commit later, ten objects became
thirteen, not one of the ten differed, and exactly one line of the
document changed rather than being added — `refs/heads/main`. The delta
between two snapshots is therefore a set of new objects and a handful of
moved refs, and it needs no delta encoding at all. What it needs is the
successor document in `next` below."
the-structure-costs-half-a-per-cent "The most surprising number in the
measurement, and worth keeping: a canonical CBOR document describing this
entire repository is 182.2 MiB against 181.3 MiB of object content. Every
key, every table, every hash value and every block costs 940,125 bytes in
total.
IT IS THE ANSWER TO THE STANDING OBJECTION that a self-describing format
must be bulky. At this scale it is not; the objects are."
-- ===================================================================
-- WHAT THE VOCABULARY'S OWN RULES REQUIRED
-- ===================================================================
the-landing-checklist [
| item state
| "at least one complete document written against it" "examples/repository-scratch.umsg, machine-produced and machine-checked"
| "a consumer built, or the refusal recorded as a risk" "two: tools/git2umsg writes, tools/repocheck reads and gates. Neither trusts the other"
| "a design document against @vocab/design/v0" "this one"
| "the vocabularies index updated, and the README regenerated" "done"
]
what-is-not-yet-checked [
| rule "why not"
| "an object stored :raw whose bytes parse, for a commit or a tag" "tools/repocheck re-takes the decision for blobs and trees and does not carry the header parse. Reported by tools/git2umsg at conversion time, which is the wrong side of the boundary"
| "a :worktree row for a path that agrees with the index" "the checker has no filesystem and no staged bytes to compare against; the writer never emits one"
| ":expect-name, :expect-ref, :expect-reachable, :expect-path, :expect-well-formed" "the check vocabulary is specified and no document carries one yet"
| "a SHA-256 repository, end to end" "the code paths are written and parameterised; no such repository has been converted"
| "flattening a chain to a base" "specified in the vocabulary and built by nothing, so the claim that a chain and its flattening are equal on every observable is unchecked"
| "a link that restates an object its chain holds" "tools/repocheck refuses it and tools/git2umsg cannot produce one, so the rule has no failing case yet"
]
-- ===================================================================
-- SCRUTINY
-- ===================================================================
scrutiny {
load-bearing "That storing a git object in PARSED form — a tree as a table,
a commit as headers and a message — loses nothing, because the parse is
checked against a name the document did not choose. If that is wrong,
the vocabulary should store `:raw` for everything and be a container
rather than a description, and almost every table in it is then
decoration."
to-falsify "Convert an archive of pre-2010 git history — the kernel, or
git's own repository — and count the objects that fall back to :raw and
the ones whose re-serialisation fails outright. Both tools already print
the counts, so the cost is a clone and one command. IT IS CHEAP NOW AND
STOPS BEING CHEAP the moment a second implementation is written against
these tables, because a parse rule that has to widen afterwards widens
in two places.
THE 3,945 OBJECTS MEASURED SO FAR ARE WEAK EVIDENCE and are reported as
such: they were written by two versions of one implementation, on one
platform, within one year."
would-change "An object kind, header order, or identity-line shape that
real history contains and this parse cannot express would not change the
vocabulary — that is what :raw is for — but a fallback rate above a few
objects in ten thousand would, because it would mean the parsed form is
an optimistic special case rather than the general one.
A DIFFERENT FINDING WOULD CHANGE MORE: if a repository turned out to
contain an object whose bytes cannot be recovered from ANY form this
vocabulary offers, the hash-is-the-falsifier claim fails and with it the
reason to prefer this over a tarball."
already-rejected [
| approach "why not"
| "store every object as :raw bytes and nothing else" "a container, not a description. Nothing could be queried, and the tables that make a commit a commit would not exist. The parse is free because it is checked, which is the argument this whole design rests on"
| "allow both a text and a byte spelling and let the author choose" "one fact, two spellings, hashing identically — invisible divergence. See decision-one"
| "store the packfile, or deltas adjacent to the objects" "REASONED WRONGLY AT FIRST AND THEN MEASURED. A delta does NOT forfeit the check — a chain is verifiable, because the base is hashed against its own name — so the first draft's reason was too strong. What a delta actually costs is that an object cannot be read alone, that the document acquires a resolution order its map ordering cannot express, and that a copy-and-insert grammar has to be specified. It buys 9.2 per cent here, and an ordinary compressor over the undeltified document beats git's packed store by 24. See the-delta-question-was-measured"
| "make the vocabulary version-control-general, covering Mercurial and Fossil" "the object model here is git's, closed sets and all. A general name would promise what no table delivers, and the generalisation has no second member asking for it"
| "carry the .git directory as a file tree" "then the document states loose-or-packed, zlib levels and file times, none of which is a fact about the repository, and two documents of one repository would differ"
| "make :absent optional and let :completeness be a claim" "a claim nothing checks is a comment. The class is now computed from the reasons present, and tools/repocheck refuses a document that declares a different one — which is how the gitlink bug was caught"
| "record ignored files as a worktree state" "a computation over rules the document already carries, able to disagree with them"
]
}
-- ===================================================================
-- WHAT THIS SAYS ABOUT THE FORMAT
-- ===================================================================
the-kernel-needed-nothing-new "WORTH RECORDING, because the last four
vocabularies each found a hole. @vocab/measurement/v0 needed the typed
array; @vocab/spatial/v0 found that exact decimals are not enough in three
dimensions; @vocab/graphic/v0 found a quadratic in the lexer; docs/53
found that a time of day was missing.
THIS ONE NEEDED NOTHING. Byte strings, hash values, tables, blocks keyed
by name and one qualifier were enough for every part of a git repository,
and the only kernel behaviour that shaped a decision was one the
specification had already settled: a leading U+FEFF is ignored, so a text
value may not begin with one.
THAT IS EITHER A GOOD SIGN OR A SIGN THAT GIT IS AN EASY SUBJECT. It is
probably the second — a repository is bytes, names and small tables all
the way down, which is what this format is made of — and it is still the
first time a subject this size has been carried in without a change."
-- ===================================================================
-- WHAT IS WORTH DOING NEXT
-- ===================================================================
next [
| thing because
| "convert git's own repository, or the kernel's" "the falsification above. Everything is in place and it needs a clone"
| "teach tools/repocheck the commit and tag header parse" "so the raw-that-parses refusal is checked on the reading side, where the vocabulary states it"
| "write the umsg2git direction" "a document that can be turned back into a working repository is the strongest possible statement of losslessness, and the serialisation is already shared"
| "a :selective capture of one commit range" "the size measurement says this is the document people would actually write, and none exists yet"
| "flattening, as a tool" "the vocabulary defines it and nothing performs it. A chain that cannot be compacted grows without bound, and the definition is checkable only once something computes it"
]
}
The canonical encoding
Produced by the reference encoder when this page was built. Decoding these bytes and printing them in the text form returns the document above, byte for byte — that round trip is the claim the whole format rests on.
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73 20 63 6f 70 69 65 64 2edocs/55-repository-vocabulary.umsg 23913 bytesEvery construct on this page
The formal columns are read from the specification when this page is generated. The last column is this site's plain-language gloss and is not normative — where they differ, the specification is right.
| construct | glyph | carries | example | gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| :annotation | — | — | — | A bare name qualifying the value after it—for example a language tag or a unit such as kg. It is not a value itself; a bare name with nothing after it is an error, not a guess. |
| :array | ^ | type, or type:shape; then [ elements ] | ^f64 [ 1.5, 2.5 ] or ^i16:2x3 [ … ] | A packed, homogeneous numeric array. The ^ marker gives every element its type and may also give the row-major shape: ^f64:2x3 [ … ]. |
| :array-element | — | — | — | One element of a typed array. Its type comes from the ^ marker, so 1.5 inside ^f64 is binary64 rather than an exact decimal. |
| :array-missing | — | — | — | A missing position in a typed array. null here is not an element value: it adds a validity mask while preserving the array's shape. |
| :block | — | — | — | A block: named pairs, in braces. Its keys are sorted in the encoding and shown here as written. |
| :bytes | ~ | encoding:data | ~hex:ff00 or ~b64:iVBORw0KGgo= | Raw octets, carried as octets. No base64 tax, no pretending they are text. |
| :comment | -- | to end of line | -- a note | A note for people. It travels with the pair it precedes and never reaches the bytes. |
| :decimal | — | — | — | An exact decimal. 19.99 is nineteen and ninety-nine hundredths, not the nearest double to it. |
| :extension | ! | name, then value | !acme/hint { zone 4 } | A qualifier this reader may not know. It survives the round trip intact, and stays legible on the way past — the rule that separates an extension from a private convention. |
| :float | — | — | — | A binary float, marked so it can never be mistaken for the exact decimal beside it. |
| :hash | # | algorithm:hex | #sha256:deadbeef | The digest of some content, with the algorithm said out loud so it is still meaningful in ten years. |
| :header | % | unimsg only | %unimsg 0 label | Declares the format version and what this document is. Optional, and useful exactly when a file arrives without context. |
| :identifier | @ | word | @ord-88213 | Gives this value a name, so another document can point at it without copying it. |
| :integer | — | — | — | A whole number of any size. Past 2^53 it is still exact, which is the whole reason this is not JSON. |
| :key | — | — | — | A field name: the first thing in a pair. It is bare when possible and quoted when needed, and names the content without becoming part of the value. |
| :reference | -> | an identifier or a path | -> @cust-4471, -> @lexicon.entries.kitāb | Points at a name. Nothing follows it while reading — resolution is somebody else's job, deliberately. |
| :reserved-literal | — | — | — | One of six bare words that are values rather than names. The list is fixed, so no value is coerced by what it looks like. |
| :sequence | — | — | — | An ordered list. Order is preserved and is meaning. |
| :string | — | — | — | Text. May span lines, so prose does not have to be escaped into one. |
| :symbol | : | word | :dispatched | A name from a fixed vocabulary, not free text. :high is a value someone chose; "high" is a phrase someone typed. |
| :table-row | | | cells | | sku qty | One record of a table. A table is sugar for a sequence of blocks with the same keys, and encodes identically to the longhand. |
| — | — | — | A temporal value at the precision written. 2026-08 stays a month, and 03:52 stays a wall-clock time; neither is widened into an invented instant. |