docs/17-spec-based-design.umsg
%unimsg 0 method/spec-based-design/v0 · 360 lines · 18878 bytes of text · 15381 bytes canonical · the raw file
Point at anything below — a sigil, a literal, a brace — and the card says what it is. Keyboard: tab through the document. Every explanation is also printed in full beneath the source.
%unimsg 0 method/spec-based-design/v0
-- How to design a project in unimsg so that the project derives from it.
--
-- Written after a session in which four specifications, six protocol
-- documents, two applications and a format were all authored this way, and in
-- which the method failed twice in instructive ways. It is a description of a
-- practice that works, with its failure modes attached, and not a manifesto.
--
-- The claim is narrow. Not that everything should be generated — most things
-- should not. The claim is that a project has a handful of facts that appear
-- in several places, and that those facts should exist once, as data, with
-- every appearance derived. Which facts those are is the judgement; the
-- mechanism is easy.
spec-based-design @method/spec-based-design/v0 {
title "Designing a project as a unimsg document"
status :provisional
premise "A specification that only describes is a document that can be wrong
without anything noticing. A specification that generates cannot be
wrong about the thing it generates, because the thing is its output.
So the practice is to move facts from prose into data, and then to
derive their appearances."
-- ===================================================================
-- THE THREE KINDS OF CONTENT
-- ===================================================================
-- Getting this division right is most of the method. It decides what to
-- write as data and what to leave as prose, and it is the judgement the
-- mechanism cannot make for you.
content-kinds [
| kind is belongs
| :generative "a fact that appears somewhere else as well" "in the document, generated out"
| :normative "a rule an implementation must satisfy" "in the document, with vectors"
| :descriptive "reasoning, context, why a decision was taken" "in the document, generated nowhere"
]
the-test-for-generative "Does this fact appear in more than one place? A
colour that is in a stylesheet and a design note is
two copies of one fact and will diverge. A paragraph
explaining why the palette is quiet appears once and
should stay prose."
the-test-for-normative "Could an implementation get this wrong? Then it needs
a vector, and the vector needs to pin bytes or values
rather than describe an outcome. A sentence is
satisfied by whatever the reader understood it to
mean — which is not a theory, it is what happened."
descriptive-is-not-lesser "Most of a good specification is descriptive, and
the reasoning is the part that survives longest.
A decision without its reason cannot be revisited,
only reversed by whoever finds it inconvenient."
-- ===================================================================
-- THE GENERATION PATTERN
-- ===================================================================
pattern {
shape [
| step do
| 1 "put the fact in the document, as data — a table, not a sentence"
| 2 "write a generator that reads the document and emits the artefact"
| 3 "run the generator in the build, before anything consumes the artefact"
| 4 "give the generator a check mode that fails when the artefact is stale"
| 5 "say in the artefact that it is generated, and from where"
]
why-step-3 "So a hand edit cannot survive a build. Without it the document
is a suggestion, and the first time someone edits the artefact
directly the two have silently diverged."
why-step-4 "So a build that cannot run the generator fails loudly rather
than proceeding with a stale artefact. A skipped check reads
exactly like a passed one."
why-step-5 "So the next person edits the right file. A generated artefact
that does not say so is a trap laid for a colleague."
worked-examples [
| fact lives-in generated-into by
| "the colour palette" "a presentation-system block" "a stylesheet's custom properties" "a token generator"
| "the navigation" "a shell block" "the markup of every page" "a page generator"
| "a README" "a documentation block" "README.md" "a readme generator"
| "conformance vectors" "a conformance block" "a test suite" "written by hand from the vectors"
]
the-last-row-is-honest "Vectors are usually transcribed into tests by hand
rather than generated. That is a weaker link than
the others and worth knowing: a vector nobody
transcribed is a vector nothing checks."
}
-- ===================================================================
-- DOCUMENTATION AS DATA
-- ===================================================================
-- The specific case that prompted this document: a README should not be
-- written in Markdown. It should be written in unimsg and rendered.
documentation {
why "A README repeats what the project's other documents already say —
what it is, what it is for, how to run it, what its limits are. Every
repetition is a copy that drifts. Writing it as data means the facts
it shares with a specification can be the same facts."
vocabulary [
| key holds
| :title "the document's heading"
| :intro "prose before the first section; a string, or a sequence of paragraphs"
| :sections "a SEQUENCE of sections, because order carries meaning here"
| :heading "a section's heading"
| :body "prose; a string, or a sequence of paragraphs"
| :table "a sequence of identically-keyed records, rendered as a table"
| :code "a literal block; `text` and an optional `language`"
]
sections-are-a-sequence-not-a-map "This is the one shape decision that
matters, and it follows from the
format. Map keys are sorted
canonically, so a document whose
sections were a map would render them
alphabetically — Status before
Overview, Limits before Usage. Prose has
an order and that order is meaning, so
sections are a sequence."
the-same-applies-to-tables "A table's columns are map keys and are
therefore sorted on render. Where column order
carries meaning — an identifier, then inputs,
then expected — that is currently lost. It is a
known weakness of the format rather than of
this method."
}
-- ===================================================================
-- TWO KINDS OF TOOL
-- ===================================================================
tooling {
doc "A tool that reads these documents is either generic or domain-specific,
and the two are not points on a scale — they are opposite commitments,
and the failure is the middle."
kinds [
| kind knows refuses
| :generic "structure alone — maps, sequences, record shape" "to learn any vocabulary"
| :domain-specific "exactly one vocabulary, completely" "any document not following it"
]
worked-pair "A presentation surface renders any document at all and has no
per-domain handlers, because the moment it knows about one
domain it is a viewer for that domain rather than a surface
for all of them. A readme generator knows title, intro and
ordered sections, and rejects a document without them rather
than rendering half of one. Both are right; they are answering
different questions."
the-middle-is-the-mistake "A tool that half-knows a vocabulary produces
plausible output from documents it does not
understand, which is worse than either
commitment. The generic tool would have shown
the structure honestly; the specific tool would
have refused. The half-knowing one shows
something that looks like a README and is not."
how-to-choose "Ask whether the tool should work on a document it has never
seen. Yes means generic, and it must then act only on
structure. No means domain-specific, and it must then
validate the vocabulary and refuse what does not fit —
because its whole value is that its output can be trusted to
mean something."
the-same-shape-as-content "This mirrors the altitude argument about
content: a reader can act on what arrives at a
level it already understands. A tool is the same
question asked of the tool — either it acts on
structure, which every document has, or on a
vocabulary, which it must then require."
}
-- ===================================================================
-- ONE DOCUMENT OR TWO
-- ===================================================================
organising {
question "When something responds to an existing document — a review, a
counter-proposal, a set of answers — does it become a layer
inside that document, or a document of its own?"
the-test "Does the reply RESOLVE into the thing, or STAND BESIDE it?"
resolves-in [
| reply-kind why-it-merges
| "answers to a deficiency report" "once answered, they are simply what the specification says"
| "a decision on an open question" "the question closes and the ruling is part of the rule"
| "a correction" "the wrong version has no reason to survive beside the right one"
]
stands-beside [
| reply-kind why-it-separates
| "a counter-proposal" "two live positions with different fates; one may be adopted and one archived"
| "a review" "it has an author and a date and is about the document rather than of it"
| "a peer document" "one subject continued, not the same subject revised"
]
the-lifecycle-argument "This is what the test is really asking. A reply
that merges has no independent future: after
merging there is one document and one history. A
reply that stays separate has its own fate — it can
be adopted, rejected, superseded or withdrawn while
the original is untouched, and encapsulating it
would make each of those an edit to a document
nobody decided to change."
then-merge-the-outcome "When a counter-proposal is decided, the DECISION
merges into the specification and both proposals
become history. The separation is for the period
when the answer is genuinely open, which is
precisely when a reader needs to see two positions
rather than one document arguing with itself."
references-make-it-cheap "A separate document is only awkward if the link
between them is decorative. With references
denoting identifiers or paths, and a checker that
reports a reference resolving to nothing, a reply
can name what it answers and the pair stays
connected without being fused."
worked-both-ways "This project has done each, correctly. A deficiency
report's answers were merged into the application's
specification, because once answered they were simply
what it said. A counter-proposal about a wire format was
kept separate, because both were live and one would be
chosen. The difference is not the size of the reply."
}
-- ===================================================================
-- WHERE THE METHOD FAILS
-- ===================================================================
-- Both of these happened. They are the reason this document is not a
-- manifesto.
failure-modes {
describing-what-you-did-not-check {
what "Writing a specification section from memory, in the same voice as
the sections that were verified, with nothing marking the
difference."
happened "A document about a database protocol was written partly from
captured bytes and partly from recall. Read afterwards, the two
halves were indistinguishable — and the recalled half is
exactly where an implementer would trust it most, because it
reads with the same confidence."
remedy "Mark the provenance of every section. Captured, described,
deferred. If a document cannot say which of its claims were
checked, it is not a specification, it is an essay about one."
}
prose-that-looks-normative {
what "Conformance vectors written as sentences rather than as values."
happened "A store specification carried twenty-four vectors in prose.
Two independent implementations passed all twenty-four and
could not read each other's descriptors, because a sentence is
satisfied by whatever the reader understood it to mean. Every
vector was correct and the suite proved nothing."
remedy "A vector pins bytes, or a value, or an error. `expect the same
result either order` is a description; `expect c045000000000000`
is a vector."
}
the-generator-that-guessed {
what "Building a tool before the semantics it depends on are decided."
happened "A reference checker was written before it had been decided
whether a reference names an identifier or a path. The tool had
to guess, and a guess encoded in a tool becomes a convention by
accident."
remedy "Decide, write it into the specification, then build the tool
against the specification. If the decision cannot be made yet,
the tool reports categories rather than verdicts."
}
}
-- ===================================================================
-- WHAT MAKES A DOCUMENT DERIVABLE
-- ===================================================================
derivable {
doc "A project derives from its document to the extent that someone could
rebuild it with the document and no access to the original. That is a
high bar and mostly unreachable; the useful question is which parts
clear it."
measured "An independent implementation built an application from a
specification and reproduced twenty-three of twenty-three colour
values exactly, two of four button variants, none of three layout
measurements, and nothing at all of the behaviour described only
in prose. The pattern is not subtle."
what-transfers [
| form outcome
| "a table of unambiguous values" "reproduced exactly"
| "a table whose cells are English" "reproduced in part"
| "a value competing with a framework default" "the framework won"
| "prose describing behaviour" "reinvented or absent"
]
so "Anything that must come out the same goes in a table as values. Prose
is for the reasoning, which is what prose is good at and what tables
cannot hold."
}
-- ===================================================================
-- ADOPTING IT
-- ===================================================================
adopting {
order [
| step do because
| 1 "write the document before the code, for one component" "the method is only testable when the document comes first"
| 2 "move one repeated fact into it and generate its artefact" "small, reversible, and proves the loop"
| 3 "add a check mode and run it in the build" "otherwise the document is a suggestion"
| 4 "mark provenance on every section" "so a reader knows what was verified"
| 5 "give the normative parts vectors that pin values" "so an implementation can fail"
]
do-not [
"generate code from the document — generate artefacts that repeat facts,
which is a much smaller and much safer claim",
"move prose into data because it can be moved; reasoning belongs in
prose and loses meaning as a table",
"treat the document as authoritative over a running system; where they
disagree the system is right and the document has drifted"
]
the-smallest-useful-version "One document, one generated artefact, one
check in the build. That is the whole method;
everything else is more of it."
}
provenance {
from "A single session's practice across a serialisation format, a
presentation surface, a content-addressed store, an application, and
six protocol documents — with the failures recorded above as they
occurred rather than reconstructed afterwards."
status "A practice that held for one project. Whether it holds for a team,
or across a year, is untested."
}
}
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69 6e 64 73 20 69 74 20 69 6e 63 6f 6e 76 65 6e 69 65 6e 74 2edocs/17-spec-based-design.umsg 15381 bytesEvery construct on this page
The formal columns are read from the specification when this page is generated. The last column is this site's plain-language gloss and is not normative — where they differ, the specification is right.
| construct | glyph | carries | example | gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| :annotation | — | — | — | A bare name qualifying the value after it—for example a language tag or a unit such as kg. It is not a value itself; a bare name with nothing after it is an error, not a guess. |
| :array | ^ | type, or type:shape; then [ elements ] | ^f64 [ 1.5, 2.5 ] or ^i16:2x3 [ … ] | A packed, homogeneous numeric array. The ^ marker gives every element its type and may also give the row-major shape: ^f64:2x3 [ … ]. |
| :array-element | — | — | — | One element of a typed array. Its type comes from the ^ marker, so 1.5 inside ^f64 is binary64 rather than an exact decimal. |
| :array-missing | — | — | — | A missing position in a typed array. null here is not an element value: it adds a validity mask while preserving the array's shape. |
| :block | — | — | — | A block: named pairs, in braces. Its keys are sorted in the encoding and shown here as written. |
| :bytes | ~ | encoding:data | ~hex:ff00 or ~b64:iVBORw0KGgo= | Raw octets, carried as octets. No base64 tax, no pretending they are text. |
| :comment | -- | to end of line | -- a note | A note for people. It travels with the pair it precedes and never reaches the bytes. |
| :decimal | — | — | — | An exact decimal. 19.99 is nineteen and ninety-nine hundredths, not the nearest double to it. |
| :extension | ! | name, then value | !acme/hint { zone 4 } | A qualifier this reader may not know. It survives the round trip intact, and stays legible on the way past — the rule that separates an extension from a private convention. |
| :float | — | — | — | A binary float, marked so it can never be mistaken for the exact decimal beside it. |
| :hash | # | algorithm:hex | #sha256:deadbeef | The digest of some content, with the algorithm said out loud so it is still meaningful in ten years. |
| :header | % | unimsg only | %unimsg 0 label | Declares the format version and what this document is. Optional, and useful exactly when a file arrives without context. |
| :identifier | @ | word | @ord-88213 | Gives this value a name, so another document can point at it without copying it. |
| :integer | — | — | — | A whole number of any size. Past 2^53 it is still exact, which is the whole reason this is not JSON. |
| :key | — | — | — | A field name: the first thing in a pair. It is bare when possible and quoted when needed, and names the content without becoming part of the value. |
| :reference | -> | an identifier or a path | -> @cust-4471, -> @lexicon.entries.kitāb | Points at a name. Nothing follows it while reading — resolution is somebody else's job, deliberately. |
| :reserved-literal | — | — | — | One of six bare words that are values rather than names. The list is fixed, so no value is coerced by what it looks like. |
| :sequence | — | — | — | An ordered list. Order is preserved and is meaning. |
| :string | — | — | — | Text. May span lines, so prose does not have to be escaped into one. |
| :symbol | : | word | :dispatched | A name from a fixed vocabulary, not free text. :high is a value someone chose; "high" is a phrase someone typed. |
| :table-row | | | cells | | sku qty | One record of a table. A table is sugar for a sequence of blocks with the same keys, and encodes identically to the longhand. |
| — | — | — | A temporal value at the precision written. 2026-08 stays a month, and 03:52 stays a wall-clock time; neither is widened into an invented instant. |